Intervención psicológica, desde el enfoque de la psicología positiva, en parejas infértiles que están en proceso de inseminación artificial

Fundamento: desde la mirada de la psicología positiva, el trabajo con la pareja infértil, que se insemina, permite potenciar las emociones positivas que favorecen el tratamiento y fortalecer en ellos la capacidad resiliente que les conduce a un mayor bienestar psicológico para enfrentar este proceso. Objetivo: aplicar una estrategia de intervención psicológica en parejas infértiles en proceso de inseminación artificial. Métodos estudio prospectivo, de enfoque mixto, que incluyó once parejas bajo tratamiento de inseminación artificial, atendidas en el Centro de Reproducción del Hospital Abel Santamaría, en Pinar de Río, desde diciembre de 2021 hasta abril de 2022. La vía esencial para la localización y accesibilidad de la muestra objeto de estudio fue la consulta propia de psicología dentro de la comisión multidisciplinaria que estudia estas parejas. Se realizaron entrevistas clínicas, observación participante y test psicométricos. Se aplicó una estrategia de intervención psicológica basada en la psicología tradicional y la psicología positiva. Se midió la resiliencia de las parejas antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: la intervención elevó a valores medios-altos la resiliencia de las parejas infértiles que se inseminan. Promovió el desarrollo de pensamientos y estados emocionales positivos, así como la identificación de fortalezas personales y de las parejas. Conclusiones: una estrategia de intervención psicológica basada en la psicología tradicional y la positiva contribuye a elevar la resiliencia de parejas infértiles en proceso de inseminación artificial.

Foundation: from the positive psychology point of view, working with the infertile couple, who is inseminated, allows to enhance the positive emotions that favor the treatment and strengthen their resilient capacity that leads to greater psychological well-being to face this process. Objective: to apply a psychological intervention strategy in infertile couples during the artificial insemination process. Methods: prospective study, with a mixed approach, which included eleven couples undergoing artificial insemination treatment, treated at the Abel Santamaría Hospital Reproduction Center, in Pinar de Río, from December 2021 to April 2022. The essential route for localization and accessibility of the sample under study was the psychology consultation within the multidisciplinary commission that studies these couples. Clinical interviews, participant observation and psychometric tests were carried out. A psychological intervention strategy based on traditional psychology and positive psychology was applied. The resilience of the couples was measured before and after the intervention. Results: the intervention raised the resilience of infertile couples that are inseminated to medium-high values. It promoted the development of positive thoughts and emotional states, as well as the identification of personal and couple strengths. Conclusions: a psychological intervention strategy based on traditional and positive psychology contributes to increasing the infertile couples's resilience in the artificial insemination process.

Imaginários Morais no Discurso Midiático Sobre o Uso da Inseminação Caseira por Mulheres Lésbicas / Moral Imaginaries on the Media Discourse on the Use of Homemade Insemination by Lesbian Women / Imaginarios Morales en el Discurso Mediático Sobre Uso de la Inseminación Domiciliaria por Mujeres Lesbianas

O presente artigo objetiva refletir sobre o discurso moral midiático produzido em torno da Inseminação Caseira e seu uso como tecnologia reprodutiva por casais de mulheres lésbicas. Esta é uma modalidade reprodutiva autônoma, que consiste em uma autoinseminação de baixo custo, feita com o uso de material biológico de doador não anônimo. Para esta reflexão, utilizou-se cinco obras midiáticas produzidas por canais de comunicação de grande alcance no cenário nacional, analisadas sob a ótica da análise do discurso. Foram traçadas cinco categorias analíticas: apresentação textual-imagética das obras; narrativa das mulheres tentantes; discursos promovidos pelos ditos especialistas; e representação da figura do doador. Conclui-se pela necessidade de estímulo ao debate acerca da inseminação caseira realizada por mulheres lésbicas, de modo que tanto profissionais da área da saúde como a sociedade de uma forma geral não se baseiem apenas em discursos morais condenatórios ditos científicos, como aqueles propagados pela grande mídia em relação à Inseminação Caseira. Soma-se a isso a importância em garantir visibilidade para os relatos das mulheres que estão se submetendo à inseminação caseira, compreendendo-as enquanto protagonistas da produção de sua saúde sexual e reprodutiva e projetos parentais e que, por isso, devem ter seus discursos e experiências legitimados.

The present article aims to reflect on the media moral discourse produced around Homemade Insemination and its use as a reproductive technology by lesbian couples. This is an autonomous reproductive modality, which consists in a low-cost self-insemination performed with the use of biological material from a non-anonymous donor. This reflection was made using five media works produced by communication channels of great reach in the Brazilian scenario, analyzed from the point of view of discourse analysis. Five analytical categories were drawn: textual-imagetic presentation of the works; narrative of women trying to conceive; speeches promoted by the so-called experts; and representation of the donor figure. We conclude that it is necessary to stimulate the debate about homemade insemination performed by lesbian women, so that both health professionals and society in general do not rely only on condemning moral speeches called scientific, such as those propagated by the media in relation to Homemade Insemination. Added to that it is important to ensure visibility of the reports of women who are submitting themselves to homemade insemination, understanding them as protagonists of the production of their sexual and reproductive health and parental projects and that, therefore, they must have their speeches and experiences legitimated.

Este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre el discurso moral mediático producido sobre la Inseminación Domiciliaria y su uso como tecnología reproductiva por parejas lesbianas. Se trata de una modalidad reproductiva autónoma, que consiste en una autoinseminación de bajo coste realizada con el uso de material biológico de donante no anónimo. Para esta reflexión, se utilizaron cinco obras mediáticas producidas por canales de comunicación de gran alcance en Brasil analizadas desde la perspectiva del análisis del discurso. Se trazaron cinco categorías analíticas: presentación textual-imagen de las obras; narración de las mujeres que intentan; discursos promovidos por los llamados especialistas; y representación de la figura del donante. Se concluye por la necesidad de estimular el debate sobre la Inseminación Domiciliaria realizada por mujeres lesbianas, de manera que tanto los profesionales de salud como la sociedad en general no se basen apenas en los discursos morales condenatorios de los científicos, como los propagados por la gran prensa sobre Inseminación Domiciliaria. A esto se suma la importancia de garantizar la visibilidad de los relatos de las mujeres que hacen la Inseminación Domiciliaria, entendiéndolas como protagonistas de la producción de su salud sexual y reproductiva y de sus proyectos parentales y debe tener sus discursos y experiencias legitimados.

Inseminação artificial homóloga póstuma: análise bioética do planejamento familiar / Posthumous homologous artificial insemination: a bioethical analysis of family planning / Inseminación artificial homóloga póstuma: un análisis bioético de la planificación familiar

Resumo Este artigo trata de questões relacionadas à inseminação artificial homóloga post mortem. Tomando como referência normas éticas que asseguram a livre escolha do casal no planejamento familiar, objetivou-se descobrir de que forma tais regulamentações influenciariam na concretização desse projeto parental. A partir do método hipotético-dedutivo, realizou-se revisão de literatura em bioética e biodireito, além de pesquisa documental no sítio eletrônico do Conselho Federal de Medicina. Refletiu-se, então, sobre o princípio de autonomia dos pacientes submetidos às técnicas de reprodução assistida, levando em conta algumas das repercussões dessa técnica sobre o direito de família e sucessões. Por fim, descreveu-se o método de casuística clínica, utilizado pelas clínicas como parâmetro para tomar decisões e aconselhar o cônjuge sobrevivente acerca da problemática da concepção póstuma.

Abstract This article discusses issues related to post mortem homologous artificial insemination. Taking as reference ethical norms that ensure the couple's free choice in family planning, the objective was to understand how such regulations would influence the accomplishment of this parental project. Using the hypothetical-deductive method, a literature review on bioethics and biolaw was carried out, in addition to a documentary research on the website of the Federal Council of Medicine. Then, reflections on the principle of autonomy of patients undergoing assisted reproduction techniques were made, considering some of the repercussions of this technique on family and succession law. Finally, a description of the method of clinical casuistry is presented, being used by clinics as a parameter to make decisions and advise the surviving spouse about the problem of posthumous conception.

Resumen Este artículo trata aspectos relacionados a la inseminación artificial homóloga post mortem. Con base en la normativa ética que garantiza la libre elección de la pareja en la planificación familiar, el objetivo fue identificar la influencia de la legislación en la realización de este proyecto parental. A partir del método hipotético-deductivo, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre bioética y bioderecho, además de una búsqueda documental en el sitio web del Consejo Federal de Medicina. Con esto, se reflexionó sobre el principio de autonomía de los pacientes sometidos a técnicas de reproducción asistida, teniendo en cuenta algunas de las repercusiones de esta técnica en el derecho de familia y de sucesiones. Por último, se describió el método de la casuística clínica utilizado por las clínicas como parámetro en la toma de decisiones y asesoramiento al cónyuge sobreviviente en el tema de la concepción póstuma.

Evaluación de la terapia de reproducción médicamente asistida en 9 años: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Medically assisted reproductive therapy assessment in 9 years: retrospective cohort study

OBJETIVO: Describir las tasas de recién nacidos vivos (RNV) y embarazo de la terapia de reproducción médicamente asistida de baja complejidad del Centro de Reproducción Humana de la Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo de todos los ciclos de estimulación ovárica controlada con inseminación intrauterina (IIU) completados, entre los años 2011 y 2019. Se evaluaron las características clínicas basales y los resultados en IIU homólogas y heterólogas según el ciclo inseminado, la causa de infertilidad, el rango etario y el índice de masa corporal (IMC). El desenlace principal fue la tasa de RNV por ciclo inseminado. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 1415 ciclos en 700 parejas. La tasa acumulativa de RNV fue del 19,6%, un 18,3% en IIU homóloga y un 39,0% en IIU heteróloga. La tasa de RNV fue del 10,0% al primer ciclo, del 5,8% al segundo ciclo y del 3,7% al tercer o más ciclos. Al separar por IIU heteróloga, esta aumenta al 24,4% al primer ciclo y al 14,6% al segundo ciclo. La tasa de RNV es significativamente mejor en pacientes menores de 35 años (23,7%) y con IMC < 29 (20,8%). CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento de baja complejidad en pacientes infértiles es una opción terapéutica vigente con una aceptable tasa de RNV por ciclo inseminado. Los resultados están influenciados por la edad y por el IMC.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the rates of live newborns (LNB) and pregnancy of the low complexity therapy of the Centre for Human Reproduction of Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile. METHOD: Retrospective study of all cycles of controlled ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination (IUI) completed between 2011-2019. The baseline clinical characteristics and results in homologous and heterologous IUI were evaluated according to inseminated cycle, cause of infertility, age range and body mass index (BMI). The main outcome was rate of LNB per inseminated cycle. RESULTS: 1415 cycles were studied in 700 couples. The cumulative rate of LNB was 19.6%, 18.3% in homologous IUI and 39.0% in heterologous IUI. The LNB rate was 10.0% at the first cycle, 5.8% at the second cycle, 3.7% at the third or more cycles. When separating by heterologous IUI, it increases to 24.4% in the first cycle and 14.6% in the second cycle. The LNB rate is significantly better in patients under 35 years of age (23.7%) and with a BMI less than 29 (20.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of low complexity in selected infertile patients is a current therapeutic option with an acceptable rate of LNB per inseminated cycle. The results are influenced by age and BMI.

Scientific evidence on experiences of pregnant transsexual men / Evidencia científica sobre las experiencias de los hombres transexuales en el embarazo / Evidência científicas sobre experiências de homens transexuais grávidos

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence about the experiences of pregnant transsexual men. Method: a descriptive, integrative literature review study without a defined time cut, carried out in January 2021 in the following Databases: Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, CUIDEN, SCOPUS, WoS, EMBASE, PSYCINFO and BDENF, in Portuguese, English and Spanish; using the DECs and MeSH descriptors: "Transgender People", "Pregnancy", "Reproduction", "Fertilization", "Insemination", "Prenatal Care", "Postpartum Period", "Lactation", "Mispontaneous Abortion" , "Habitual abortion", "Reproductive health" and "Health Care" and their respective synonyms. The elaboration of the guiding question was conducted by the PICo Strategy: (Population): transgender men; I (Interest): experiences during the puerperal pregnancy cycle; Co (Context): reproductive health and health services. The final sample was submitted to the Thematic Analysis Technique. Results: a total of 1,011 studies were identified, 10 of which composed this review after the selection process and peer review. The analysis resulted in two thematic categories: "Pregnancy-puerperal cycle: challenges and experiences" and "Pregnant bodies: perceptions and social relationships". Conclusion: the experiences of pregnant transsexual men are marked by concerns related to pregnancy, childbirth, birth and the puerperium, causing unexpected psychological and/or emotional impacts, evidencing cisheteronormativity and transphobia as structuring aspects which add an additional part to fear of childbirth and violations of rights.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre las experiencias de los hombres transexuales embarazados. Método: estudio descriptivo, tipo revisión bibliográfica integradora, sin corte temporal, realizado en enero de 2021 en las siguientes bases de datos: Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, CUIDEN, SCOPUS, WoS, EMBASE, PSYCINFO y BDENF, en los idiomas portugués, inglés y español; utilizando los descriptores DeCS y MeSH: "Personas Transgénero", "Embarazo", "Reproducción", "Fertilización", "Inseminación", "Atención Prenatal", "Período Posparto", "Lactancia", "Aborto Espontáneo", "Aborto Habitual", "Salud Reproductiva" y "Atención a la Salud" y sus respectivos sinónimos. La elaboración de la pregunta guía fue realizada por la estrategia PICo: hombres transgénero (P - Población); experiencias durante el ciclo gravídico-puerperal (I - Interés); salud reproductiva y servicios de salud (Co - Contexto). La muestra final se sometió a la técnica de análisis temático. Resultados: se identificaron 1.011 estudios. Después del proceso de selección y la revisión por pares, 10 compusieron esta revisión. El análisis se ha centrado en dos categorías temáticas: "Ciclo gravídico-puerperal: desafíos y experiencias" y "Cuerpos embarazados: percepciones y relaciones sociales". Conclusión: l as experiencias de hombres transexuales embarazados están marcadas por inquietudes relacionadas a la gestación, el parto, el nacimiento y el puerperio, ocasionando impactos psicológicos y/o emocionales inesperados, evidenciando la cisheteronormatividad y la transfobia como aspectos estructurales que incorporan una parcela adicional al miedo del parto y violaciones de derechos.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as evidências científicas sobre experiências de homens transexuais grávidos. Método: estudo descritivo, tipo revisão integrativa de literatura, sem recorte de tempo, realizada em janeiro de 2021 nas seguintes Bases de Dados: Medline, CINAHL, LILACS, CUIDEN, SCOPUS, WoS, EMBASE, PSYCINFO e BDENF, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol; usando os descritores DECs e MeSH: "Pessoas Transgênero", "Gravidez", "Reprodução", "Fertilização", "Inseminação", "Cuidado Pré-Natal", "Período Pós-Parto", "Lactação", "Aborto Espontâneo", "Aborto habitual", "Saúde reprodutiva" e "Assistência à Saúde" e respectivos sinônimos. A elaboração da questão norteadora foi conduzida pela Estratégia PICo: (População): homens transexuais; I (Interesse): experiências durante o ciclo gravídico puerperal; Co (Contexto): saúde reprodutiva e serviços de saúde. A amostra final foi submetida à Técnica de Análise Temática. Resultados: foram identificados 1.011 estudos. Após o processo de seleção e avaliação por pares, 10 compuseram esta revisão. A análise resultou em duas categorias temáticas: "Ciclo gravídico-puerperal: desafios e experiências" e "Corpos grávidos: percepções e relações sociais". Conclusão: as experiências de homens transexuais grávidos são marcadas por inquietações relacionadas à gestação, ao parto, ao nascimento e ao puerpério, ocasionando impactos psicológicos e/ou emocionais inesperados, evidenciando a cisheteronormatividade e a transfobia como aspectos estruturantes que acrescentam uma parcela adicional ao medo do parto e violações de direitos.

Determining the optimal insemination time of bitches / Determinando el momento óptimo de inseminación en perras

Resumen En la actualidad, criar perros requiere una aproximación competente y con base científica. En particular, la elección del momento óptimo de inseminación (tanto natural como artificial) es uno de los factores más importantes para el éxito en el apareamiento o inseminación de perras, y es crucial para problemas de infertilidad. El período de fertilización (tiempo en el cual los ovocitos pueden ser fertilizados) es de 2 a 5 días luego de la ovulación. Por ende, la cópula debería realizarse inmediatamente antes o durante este período. El momento óptimo puede determinarse utilizando varios métodos que estiman el período de fertilidad (cuando la cópula/inseminación tiene máximas chances de concepción). Sin embargo, ninguna de las técnicas diagnósticas es absolutamente confiable, por lo que para un resultado lo más certero posible se recomienda sar varios (dos o tres) estudios. Por ejemplo: contar los días, examen de descarga vulvar y vaginal sumado a frotis y/o vaginoscopía. La cópula control incrementa las chances de concepción, y debe realizarse el día después de la primera cópula. Debe considerarse que el momento de ovulación en la misma perra en distintos celos puede ser diferente. Para perras con problemas de concepción debe usarse el máximo número de métodos con un análisis de intentos pasados fallidos o exitosos. La elección de un método específico implica un aspecto económico, tal como cuando el propietario debe trasladar la perra una larga distancia y necesitan saber la fecha exacta de ovulación.

Abstract Nowadays, breeding dogs requires a competent, science-based approach. In particular, the choice of the optimal insemination time (both natural and artificial) is one of the important factors of successful mating or artificial insemination of bitches and is crucial in the problem of infertility. The period of fertilization (the time when ovicells can be fertilized) is 2-5 days after ovulation. Therefore, mating should be performed immediately before or during this period. The optimal time can be determied using various methods that estimate the period of fertility (when mating/inseminación can lead to conception). However, none of the diagnostic techniques is absolutely reliable, so for the most accurate result, it is recommended to use several (two or three) studies. For example: counting days, assessment of vulvar and vaginal discharge plus smear and/or vaginoscopy. Control mating increases the probability of conception and is usually performed the day after the first mating. It should be considered that the time of ovulation in the same bitch during different heat can be different. For bitches with problems of conception use the maximum number of methods with the analysis of past successful and unsuccessful matings. Choosing a specific method also implies an economic aspect, such as when owners have to carry bitches for a long distance and they need to be sure of the exact date of ovulation.

Intrauterine insemination with donor sperm: only the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated influences both pregnancy and live-birth rates / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Intrauterine insemination with donor sperm (IUI-D) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) offered to couples with definitive male infertility or risk of genetic disease transmission. Here, we sought to evaluate our practice in IUI-D and identify factors that influenced the success rate. We performed a retrospective, single-center study of all IUI-D procedures performed at Lille University Medical Center (Lille, France) between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2017. Single and multivariate analyses with a mixed logistic model were used to identify factors associated with clinical pregnancies and live births. We included 322 couples and 1179 IUI-D procedures. The clinical pregnancy rate was 23.5%, and the live birth rate was 18.9% per IUI-D. In a multivariate analysis, the women's age was negatively associated with the live birth rate. The number of motile spermatozoa inseminated was the only factor associated with both clinical pregnancies and live births, with a chosen threshold of 0.75 million. The clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were, respectively, 17.3% and 13.0% below the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated threshold and 25.9% and 21.0% at or above the threshold (all P = 0.005). The number of motile spermatozoa inseminated was the only factor that significantly influenced both pregnancies and live-birth rates after IUI-D. Indeed, below a threshold of 0.75 million motile spermatozoa inseminated, those rates were significantly lower. Application of this number of motile spermatozoa inseminated threshold may help centers to allocate donations more effectively while maintaining reasonable waiting times for patients.

Pre-sincronización con Progesterona para la Inducción de Ciclicidad en Vacas Bos taurus indicus en Periodo de Anestro Posparto / Presynchronization with Progesterone for Induction of Cyclicity in Bos Taurus Indicus Cows in Postpartum Anestrus Period / Pré-sincronização com Progesterona para a Indução de Ciclicidade em Vacas Bos Taurus Indicus em Período de Anestro Pós-Parto

Resumen Objetivo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la pre-sincronización con progesterona (P4) por 3 y 6 días en vacas de raza Nelore en periodo de anestro posparto, sometidas a un programa de inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (IATF). Materiales y métodos: Fueron utilizadas 74 vacas multíparas de raza Nelore con estado de condición corporal de 2,5. Las vacas fueron sometidas a tres grupos experimentales, grupo control y grupos pre-sincronizados con P4 por un periodo de 3 y 6 días. Para la determinación del estado de anestro posparto, fueron realizadas ecografías y toma de muestras de sangre con la finalidad de verificar la ausencia de P4 endógena. Cuarenta y cinco días después de la IA fue realizado el diagnóstico de la gestación. Los datos fueron obtenidos por análisis descriptivo y en el caso de presentación de diferencias significativas fue utilizado la prueba de Chi-cuadrado, considerándose una frecuencia de P< 0,05. Resultados: Fue observada mayor tasa de gestación para el grupo que fue pre-sincronizado por tres días con P4 (40 %), con relación a los grupos de seis días de pre-sincronización y control (25 % y 32 %, respectivamente). Conclusión: Es posible concluir que la pre-sincronización con P4 por tres días, mejoró la tasa de gestación de vacas de raza Nelore en periodo de anestro posparto.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-synchronization with progesterone (P4) for 3 and 6 days in Nelore cows in postpartum anestrus period, submitted to a fixed-time artificial insemination program (FTAI). Materials and methods: Seventy-four multiparous Nelore cows with a body condition of 2.5 were used. The cows were submitted to three experimental groups, control group and groups pre-synchronized with P4 for a period of 3 and 6 days. For the determination of postpartum anestrus status, ultrasound scans and blood samples were taken to verify the absence of endogenous P4. Forty-five days after AI, gestation was diagnosed. Data were obtained by descriptive analysis and in the case of presentation of significant differences the Chi-square test was used, considering a frequency of P < 0.05. Results: A higher gestation rate was observed for the group that was pre-synchronized for three days with P4 (40 %), in relation to the groups of six days of pre-synchronization and control (25 % and 32 %, respectively). Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that the pre-synchronization with P4 for three days improved the gestation rate of Nelore cows in the postpartum anestrus period.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da pré-sincronização com progesterona (P4) durante 3 e 6 dias em vacas de raça Nelore em período de anestro pós-parto, submetidas a um programa de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizadas 74 vacas multíparas da raça Nelore com estado de condição corporal de 2,5. As vacas foram submetidas a três grupos experimentais, grupo controle e grupos pré-sincronizados com P4 por um período de 3 e 6 dias. Para a determinação do estado de anestro pós-parto, foram realizadas ultrassonografias e coleta de amostras de sangue com a finalidade de verificar a ausência de P4 endógena. Quarenta e cinco dias após a IA foi realizado o diagnostico da gestação. Os dados foram obtidos por análise descritiva e no caso de diferenças significativas foi utilizado o teste do Quí-quadrado, considerando-se uma freqüência de P < 0,05. Resultados: Foi observada maior taxa de gestação para o grupo que foi pré-sincronizado por três dias com P4 (40 %), com relação aos grupos de seis dias de pré-sincronização e controle (25 % e 32 %, respetivamente). Conclusão: É possível concluir que a pré-sincronização com P4 por três dias, melhorou a taxa de gestação de vacas Nelore em período de anestro pós-parto.

Retirada de corpo estranho (dispositivo impregnado com progesterona) da cavidade abdominal de novilha da raça Jersey ­ relato de caso / Removal of a foreign body (progesterone impregnated device) from the abdominal cavity of a Jersey heifer ­ a case report / Extracción de cuerpo extraño (dispositivo impregnado con progesterona) de la cavidad abdominal de novilla raza Jersey - reporte de caso

A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) é uma biotécnica com inúmeras vantagens para a produção de bovinos. Para a realização da IATF, as fêmeas bovinas devem receber um protocolo farmacológico que induz a ovulação de forma sincronizada. Esse protocolo inicia com a inserção de um dispositivo impregnado com progesterona que deve permanecer no fundo vaginal da fêmea por tempo determinado. O presente relato tem por objetivo descrever a remoção de um implante impregnado com progesterona que foi encontrado na cavidade abdominal de uma novilha. Durante um atendimento reprodutivo de rotina em uma propriedade rural, uma novilha da raça Jersey, recém-adquirida, com histórico de ter sido submetida à IATF, foi avaliada para diagnóstico de gestação. No exame a novilha não estava gestante e apresentava um cisto folicular ovariano. A novilha foi submetida novamente à IATF em que foi inserido e removido um implante, com isso o cisto regrediu e ao inseminar a novilha não foi possível passar a cérvix com o aplicador. Vinte dias após a inseminação a novilha manifestou estro e ao ser avaliada para nova inseminação, foi identificado um implante solto na cavidade abdominal da novilha. Foi realizada uma laparotomia pelo flanco esquerdo e o implante foi removido. Após a recuperação da cirurgia a novilha foi inseminada e novamente e ficou gestante. Os protocolos de IATF devem ser realizados por profissionais capacitados para evitar problemas como a presente situação em que um implante foi encontrado na cavidade abdominal de uma novilha.(AU)

The fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) is a biotechnique with numerous advantages for cattle production. In order to perform the FTAI, the cows must receive a pharmacological protocol to induce ovulation in a synchronized way. This protocol begins with the insertion of a device impregnated with progesterone that must remain in the vaginal fundus of the cow for a specific period of time. This report aims at describing the removal of a progesterone impregnated implant that was found in the abdominal cavity of a heifer. During a routine reproductive service in a rural property, a recently acquired Jersey heifer, with history of having been submitted to FTAI, was evaluated for pregnancy diagnosis. At the exam, it was observed that the heifer was not pregnant and presented an ovarian follicular cyst. The heifer was then submitted to FTAI again, where an implant was inserted and removed. This made the cyst to recede, and upon subsequent insemination, the applicator was not able to pass the cervix. Twenty days after insemination, the heifer was in estrus and when it was evaluated for insemination, a loose implant was identified in the abdominal cavity of the heifer. A laparotomy was performed through the left flank and the implant was removed. After recovery from the surgery, the heifer was inseminated again and became pregnant. The FTAI protocols should only be carried out by trained professionals to avoid problems such as the one presented herein, where an implant was found in the abdominal cavity of a heifer.(AU)

La inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo (FTAI) es una biotécnica con numerosas ventajas para la producción de ganado. Para realizar FTAI, las hembras bovinas deben recibir un protocolo farmacológico que induzca la ovulación de forma sincronizada. Este protocolo comienza con la inserción de un dispositivo impregnado con progesterona que debe permanecer en el fondo vaginal de la hembra durante un tiempo específico. Este informe tiene como objetivo describir la extracción de un implante impregnado de progesterona que se encontró en la cavidad abdominal de una novilla. Durante la atención reproductiva de rutina en una propiedad rural, se evaluó el diagnóstico de preñez de una novilla de Jersey recién adquirida con antecedentes de someterse a FTAI. En el examen, la novilla no estaba embarazada y tenía un quiste folicular ovárico. La novilla fue nuevamente sometida a FTAI, en la cual se insertó y removió un implante, con esto el quiste retrocedió y al inseminar a la novilla no fue posible pasar el cérvix con el aplicador. Veinte días después de la inseminación, la vaquilla manifestó estro y cuando se evaluó para una nueva inseminación, se identificó un implante suelto en la cavidad abdominal de la vaquilla. Se realizó una laparotomía a través del flanco izquierdo y se extrajo el implante. Después de recuperarse de la cirugía, la novilla fue inseminada y nuevamente quedó embarazada. Los protocolos FTAI deben ser realizados por profesionales capacitados para evitar problemas como la situación actual donde se encontró un implante en la cavidad abdominal de una novilla.(AU)

Use of estradiol cypionate to induce ovulation in buffalo raised in floodplain areas of Itacoatiara, Amazonas / [Uso do cipionato de estradiol na indução da ovulação de búfalas criadas em várzea da região de Itacoatiara, Amazonas]

This study aimed to determine the efficiency of estradiol cypionate (EC) as an ovulation inducer in a Timed Artificial Insemination protocol. 69 buffalo cows received an intravaginal progesterone device and 2mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) at D0. On D9, the intravaginal device was removed and 0.53mg of prostaglandin (PGF2α) and 400UI of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) were applied. The cows were distributed into two groups: the first group received 1mg of EC (ECG) in D9, and the second group received 1mg of EB (EBG) in D10. Inseminations occurred on D11. Ovarian activity and pregnancy diagnosis were analyzed by ultrasonography. There was no difference (P>0.05) in follicular diameter (9.6 ± 0.89mm vs. 10.7 ± 1.12mm; P=0.06), in ovulation rate (90.9% vs. 90.9%; P=1) and pregnancy rate (58.8% vs. 62.9%; P=0.79), however, buffalo cows from the ECG treatment have less time between P4 removal and ovulation when compared to EBG buffalos (37.4h vs. 52.8h; P=0.001), respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the implantation of TAI in the floodplain of Amazonas is feasible and the use of EC results in successful rates, similar to EB.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiência do cipionato de estradiol (CE) como indutor de ovulação em um protocolo de inseminação artificial de tempo fixo. Para isso, 69 búfalas receberam no D0 um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona e 2mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE). No D9, o dispositivo intravaginal foi removido e foram aplicados 0,53mg de prostaglandina (PGF2α) e 400UI de gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG), para, então, os animais serem divididos em dois grupos: um deles (GCE) recebeu 1mg de CE no D9, e o outro (GBE) recebeu 1mg de BE 24h após. As inseminações ocorreram no D11. A atividade ovariana e o diagnóstico de prenhez foram avaliados por ultrassonografia. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no diâmetro folicular (9,6 ± 0,89mm vs. 10,7 ± 1,12mm; P=0,06), na taxa de ovulação (90,9% vs. 90,9%; P=1) e na taxa de prenhez (58,8% vs. 62,9%; P=0,79), no entanto búfalas do tratamento GCE apresentaram menor tempo entre a remoção da P4 e a ovulação, quando comparadas com as búfalas do GBE (37,4h vs. 52,8h; P=0,001), respectivamente. A implantação da IATF nas várzeas do Amazonas é viável e a utilização do CE resulta em taxas de sucesso similares ao BE.(AU)

Perspectives of intrauterine artificial insemination applicability in gilts / Perspectivas de aplicabilidade da inseminação artificial intrauterina em leitoas

ABSTRACT: The application of the intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI) technique allows optimization of a swine production system due to the reductions in volume and number of sperm cells in the insemination dose, and by reducing the time taken to perform the insemination. However, IUAI is not recommended for gilts due to the difficulty of intrauterine cannula passage through the cervix. This difficulty is associated mainly with the fact that the reproductive tract is smaller in gilts than in pluriparous females. However, few studies have evaluated the application of IUAI in gilts. In these studies, there are variations in approach concerning the definition of the success rate for cannula passage through the cervix, the type of cannula and the body characteristics of the gilts used, making it difficult to extrapolate the recommendation for the use of IUAI in gilts. Considering the evidence that such characteristics influence or even determine the success of the application of IUAI, there is a necessity for an understanding of the influence of these factors in the improvement and later application of the technique. Gilts represent about 15-20% of the breeding group, and the use of IUAI could optimize the processes of insemination on farms. The approach used in this review highlights the aspects that could aid in structuring further studies for improving IUAI in gilts, allowing its use on commercial farms.

RESUMO: A aplicação da técnica de inseminação artificial intrauterina (IAU) permitiu uma otimização do sistema de produção de suínos por possibilitar a redução do volume e número de células espermáticas na dose inseminante e, também, por diminuir o tempo de execução da inseminação. Porém, a IAU não tem sido recomendada para leitoas devido à dificuldade de passagem do cateter intrauterino através da cérvix. Essa dificuldade é associada principalmente ao menor tamanho do trato reprodutivo de leitoas se comparado ao das fêmeas pluríparas. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que avaliaram a aplicação de IAU em leitoas. Nesses estudos, existem variações quanto à definição da taxa de sucesso na inserção do cateter através da cérvix, ao tipo de cateter e, também, quanto às características corporais das matrizes utilizadas, dificultando extrapolações de recomendação do uso da IAU em leitoas. Considerando os indícios de que tais características podem influenciar ou, até mesmo, determinar o sucesso de aplicação da técnica, ainda há necessidade de compreender a influência desses fatores para que a técnica possa ser aprimorada e posteriormente aplicada. Leitoas representam cerca de 15 a 20% do grupo de cobertura e viabilizar a IAU nessa categoria pode otimizar os processos de inseminação nas granjas. A abordagem realizada nessa revisão traz aspectos que podem auxiliar na estruturação de futuros estudos para aprimorar a IAU em leitoas e permitir seu emprego em granjas comerciais.

Effects of sperm DNA fragmentation index on semen parameters and pregnancy outcomes in intrauterine insemination / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the correlation of the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) level with semen parameters and pregnancy outcomes of artificial insemination of the husband (AIH) in the cycle of intrauterine insemination (IUI).@*METHODS@#We collected the clinical data on 777 cases of IUI, including female clinical indicators, male semen parameters, sperm DFI and pregnancy outcomes. According to the DFI level, we divided the patients into three groups: DFI < 15%, 15% ≤ DFI < 30% and DFI ≥ 30%.@*RESULTS@#The sperm DFI level was significantly elevated with the increased age of the males (P = 0.002) and closely related to the total number of motile sperm (P = 0.002) and total sperm motility (P = 0.000) before treatment, as well as to sperm concentration (P = 0.000), total sperm motility (P = 0.001) and total number of progressively motile sperm (P = 0.000) after density gradient centrifugation. The rate of clinical pregnancy was decreased in the DFI ≥ 30% group. There were no statistically significant differences between sperm DFI and the rates of clinical pregnancy and abortion.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Male age significantly affects the sperm DFI level. Sperm DFI is closely related to sperm motility and total number of progressively motile sperm, but not to the rates of clinical pregnancy and abortion in patients undergoing IUI. IUI can be used as an effective method of assisted reproduction for male infertility./.

Comparison of pregnancy outcome between clomiphene citrate and sequential clomiphene citrate+human menopausal gonadotropin in intrauterine insemination

Background: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) has been widely used as a common treatment for infertile couples. This study compares the sequential clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment with CC and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) treatment in women undergoing IUI. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of addition of gonadotropin (CC+hMG) would improve the pregnancy rate in women undergoing IUI. And also compare the sequential CC+hMG treatment with CC treatment in women undergoing IUI. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted at D. Y. Patil Fertility Centre, D.Y Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai from September 2018 to August 2019. Source populations were all patients who live in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. A total of 67 patients were enrolled in this study. (It consisted of 67 sub fertile couples undergoing ovarian stimulation for IUI cycles). Results: There was no significant difference between the two studied groups regarding endometrial thickness (8.3±2.1 versus 9.7±2.8, respectively), number of mature follicles on the day of hCG injection (3.3±1.2 versus 3.5±1.1, respectively) and, but there was significant difference between the CC+hMG group and CC group regarding the total dose of gonadotropins used in ovulation induction (305±23.8 versus 655±192; total IU, respectively) p<0.05. Conclusions: Women undergoing IUI, ovarian stimulation CC combined with hMG, significantly improved the pregnancy and live birth rates as compared to that of CC group. In women undergoing ovarian stimulation and IUI, there are no significant differences in pregnancy and live birth rates among the various stimulation protocols.

Does increasing the number of inseminations per cycle increase the probability of conception? a randomized trial comparing single versus double intrauterine insemination

Background: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) remains an inexpensive, non-invasive, and effective first-line artificial insemination technique. The technique of IUI has evolved through various innovations since the time Cohen published the first report of IUI in 1962, and the success rate increased from 5% to >20%. The success of IUI depends upon several factors; two such prognostic factors are the timing and frequency of insemination.  The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of single versus double intrauterine insemination.Methods: This prospective randomized study was carried out in 130 patients with male factor infertility, PCOS and unexplained infertility. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group of 65 patients, single IUI was applied at 36 to 40 hours after HCG administration, to the other 65 patients in the second group, double IUIs were applied at 12 to 16 hours and 36 to 40 hours after HCG administration. The primary end-point of the study was to compare the clinical pregnancy rate between the two groups.Results: The overall pregnancy rate was 18.46% (12/65) for single IUI group and 30.76% (20/65) for double IUI group. There was a no statistically significant difference between single and double IUI groups (p=0.16).Conclusions: This study did find a higher pregnancy rate following double IUI; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Further, larger sample size studies are required to determine if double IUI increases the pregnancy rate.

Relación genética entre toros de inseminación comercializados en Chile por distintas empresas proveedoras de semen: un estudio de caso en las razas Holstein y Angus / Genetic relationship between insemination bulls marketed in Chile by two semen suppliers: a case study in Holstein and Angus breeds / Relação genética entre touros de inseminação comercializados no Chile por diferentes empresas fornecedoras de sêmen: um estudo de caso nas raças Holstein e Angus

Resumen La inseminación artificial (IA) es actualmente el manejo reproductivo preferido para la mayoría de los ganaderos que trabajan con razas deganado internacionales como Holstein Friesian y Aberdeen Angus. En relación con esto, varios autores han descrito que a lo largo de los años ha habido una alteración en parámetros de productivos, lo que se asociaría significativamente con un aumento en el grado de endogamia en los animales. Esta situación tendría su origen a nivel de los núcleos genéticos, en los que se llevan a cabo programas de mejora, debido al pequeño número de líneas familiares a las que pertenecen los animales seleccionados como reproductores. Este estudio evaluó el grado de parentesco entre toros de inseminación Holstein Friesian y Aberdeen Angus comercializados en Chile por dos empresas de distribución de semen. Se estudiaron un total de 86 toros disponibles en catálogos hasta el año 2017. La información genealógica de cada toro se remonta hasta trastatarabuelo y luego se construyó un registro genealógico consolidado para cada raza. Este análisis consideró la estimación del porcentaje de endogamia (F) de cada toro y la construcción de una matriz de parentesco aditivo (A) entre los animales. Los resultados indicaron que el 99% de los toros Holstein y el 79% de los toros Angus están emparentados. Como resultado de lo anterior, se concluye que es esencial que en Chile se inicie un programa de gestión de información genealógica para controlar adecuadamente los niveles de endogamia y poder mitigar los problemas que puedan surgir a causa de este fenómeno.

Abstract Artificial insemination (AI) is currently the preferred reproductive management for most cattle farmers working with international cattle breeds likes Holstein Friesian and Aberdeen Angus. In relation to this, several authors have described that over the years there has been an alteration in the production parameters, which would be significantly associated with an increase in the inbreeding degree of the animals. This fact would have its origin at the genetic nucleus level, in which improvement programs are carried out, due to the small number of family lines which the animals selected as breeding stock belong to. This study evaluated the degree of kinship between Holstein Friesian and Aberdeen Angus insemination bulls marketed in Chile by two semen distribution companies. A total of 86 bulls available in catalogues until 2017 were studied. The genealogical information of each bull was traced back up to great-great-grandfather and then a consolidated genealogical record was built for each breed. This analysis considered the estimation of each bull's inbreeding percentage (F) and the construction of a co-ancestry matrix among animals. Results indicated that 99% of Holstein bulls and 79% of Angus bulls, are related to some extent. As a result of the above, it is concluded that is essential that in Chile a program management of genealogical information be initiated to adequately control inbreeding problems that may arise from the use of related animals.

Resumo A inseminação artificial (IA) atualmente é o manejo reprodutivo preferido da maioria dos criadores de gado que trabalham com raças de gado internacionais, como o Holstein Friesian e o Aberdeen Angus. Nesse âmbito, vários autores assinalam que, ao longo dos anos, tem ocorrido uma alteração dos parâmetros produtivos, que poderia estar associada de forma significativa com um aumento no nível de endogamia nos animais. A origem dessa situação poderia estar nos núcleos genéticos, pois nos programas de melhoria, os animais que são selecionados como reprodutores pertencem a um reduzido número de linhas familiares. Esta pesquisa avalia os graus de parentesco entre touros para inseminação Holstein Friesian e Aberdeen Angus comercializados no Chile por duas empresas de distribuição de sêmen. No total, 86 touros foram analisados, disponíveis em catálogos de até 2017. As informações genealógicas de cada touro remontam aos tetravós. Posteriormente, foi elaborado um registro genealógico consolidado para cada raça. A análise considerou a estimação da porcentagem de endogamia (F) de cada touro e a construção de uma matriz de parentesco aditivo (A) entre os animais. Os resultados indicam que 99% dos touros Holstein e 79% dos touros Angus são aparentados. Como resultado disso, chega-se à conclusão de que é essencial se ter um programa de gestão de informações genealógicas no Chile para controlar adequadamente os níveis de endogamia e assim mitigar os possíveis problemas gerados por esse fenômeno.

Hysteroscopic polypectomy versus expectant management in endometrial polyps in asymptomatic infertile women: a meta-analysis

Background: Endometrial polyp is a hyperplastic structural abnormality of the uterine cavity and is one of the most commonly found intrauterine abnormalities. The endometrial polyp is mostly asymptomatic and sometimes diagnosed only during infertility investigation. The influence of endometrial polyps on female infertility is not completely understood, however, due to the possibility of endometrial polyps influencing fertility, their removal is usually performed in women undergoing infertility treatment.Methods: This meta-analysis was performed through an electronic search using MEDLINE, PubMed in October 2017, bringing together the terms of interest in order to select studies that would compare polypectomy and expectant management for endometrial polyps in sub fertile women. Four articles were selected according to the inclusion and non-inclusion criteria.Results: Five variables were collected from the selected articles to be compiled and analyzed (rate of live births per transferred embryo, chemical pregnancy rate, spontaneous abortion rate, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate), none of which showed any difference statistically significant in conduct.Conclusions: The data concluded that there is no statistical significance between expectant management and polypectomy.

Identificación por catálogo y detección molecular de bovinos Holstein portadores de braquiespina en Uruguay / Identification through sire catalogues analysis and molecular detection of brachyspina carriers in Uruguayan Holstein

Resumen El síndrome de braquiespina es una condición genética de la raza Holstein, detectada en el año 2006. Es causado por una deleción de 3.3 Kb en el gen FANCI localizado en el cromosoma bovino 21. La mutación fue identificada en poblaciones de Holstein de Europa, América del Norte y Asia. Dada la importancia económica del defecto y su amplia distribución mundial, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la identificación de animales portadores en el núcleo de selección genética de la raza en Uruguay y el diagnóstico molecular del alelo deletéreo en animales del rodeo nacional. En el presente estudio se analizaron 2598 registros de toros Holstein del catálogo de padres del sistema de evaluación genética lechera, los registros de toros pertenecientes a los catálogos de semen Holstein disponible para Uruguay de los años 2014 al 2018; y 71 vacas pertenecientes al rodeo general. Se encontraron 28 toros portadores de braquiespina de un total de 377 toros con información genética del catálogo de padres y cuatro vacas portadoras de un total de 71 genotipificadas en nuestro laboratorio. Se demostró una disminución en el ingreso de semen de animales portadores al país entre los años 2014 y 2018. La frecuencia significativa de animales portadores en Uruguay evidencia la necesidad de implementar estrategias que permitan eliminar gradualmente el defecto de la población.

Abstract Brachyspina syndrome is a hereditary recessive disease of recent identification in the Holstein breed. It is caused by a deletion of 3.3Kb in the FANCI gene located in the bovine chromosome 21. The mutation was identified in Holstein populations of Europe, North America and Asia. Given the economic importance of the defect and its wide distribution, the objective of this work was the identification of carrier animals in the genetic selection nucleus of the breed in Uruguay and the molecular verification of the deleterious allele in animals of the national herd. In the present study, 2598 records of Holstein bulls were analyzed from the list of parents of the dairy genetic evaluation system, records of bulls belonging to the Holstein semen catalogs available for Uruguay from 2014 to 2018; and 71 cows belonging to the general herd. Twenty-eight brachyspina carrier bulls were found of a total of 377 bulls with genetic information from the list of parents and four carrier cows of a total of 71 genotyped in our laboratory. A decrease in the income of semen from carrier animals to the country between 2014 and 2018 was demonstrated. The significant frequency of carrier animals in Uruguay evidences the need to implement strategies to gradually eliminate the population defect.

Comparative Study between Timed Intercourse and Intrauterine Insemination in Ovulation Stimulated Cycles in Unexplained Infertile Couples

Background and Objectives: It cannot be stressed enough that infertility is a problem of the couple and not an individualalone. IUI as a mode of artificial insemination is widely used in treating couples with unexplained infertility. The present studywas done with the objective of comparing the effectiveness of TI and IUI with husband’s sperm in couples with unexplainedinfertility undergoing superovulation with clomiphene.Methodology: In this cross-over study, a total of 60 couples with unexplained infertility were subjected to controlled ovarianhyperstimulation with clomiphene and prospectively randomized to receive either TI (Group A) or IUI (Group B). The groupswere interchanged when pregnancy was not achieved in either group after three cycles of each intervention.Results: A positive pregnancy test was seen in both IUI and TI after cross-over. There were seven pregnancies (four in IUI andthree in TI), out of which 6 (85.71%) were viable pregnancies, while one was non-viable (14.29%). Both IUI and TI had threeviable pregnancies each. The one non-viable pregnancy was from the IUI group.Interpretation and Conclusions: The findings of the present study showed that both TI and IUI are effective treatment modalitiesfor women with unexplained infertility. Although the addition of IUI to ovulation induction does increase the cycle fecundability,it does not improve the fecundity.

Retrospective analysis of intrauterine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in controlled ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination cycle

Background: Persistent thin endometrium affects <1% of patients. Various treatments have been proposed with no satisfactory results. GCSF is one such treatment modality which improves endometrial thickness and implantation. Aim of this study was to analyse the effects of dose and the site of instilling intrauterine G-CSF in COS IUI cycles in patients with unexplained infertility and to note the pregnancy rates among them.Methods: It is a 3-year retrospective study done in obstetrics and gynecology department of AJ Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, that included all unexplained infertility cycles with controlled ovulation stimulation-IUI protocols where for a thin endometrium GCSF was used. The method of ovarian stimulation, the drug and dose used, the trigger for ovulation and the ovarian and endometrial response was noted. The day of the intrauterine GCSF and the dose and the site of instillation was noted. The endometrial response to GCSF the outcome for pregnancy was noted. All the data was analyzed statistically.Results: Significant endometrial response was seen with a dose of 100 mg,150 mg and 300 mg. Pregnancy outcome was better when GCSF was instilled just above the level of the os. GCSF instilled at the level of the fundus increases the possibility of ectopic pregnancy.Conclusions: Instillation of GCSF of 100 mg dosage just above the os; is a safe and effective method for improving the endometrial thickness and increasing pregnancy rate.

Zygoparity in Characidae - the first case of internal fertilization in the teleost cohort Otomorpha

Most teleosts are externally fertilizing, with internal fertilization occurring as a relatively rare event. Until now, Euteleosteomorpha is the only teleost cohort known to undergo internal fertilization. In the teleost cohort Otomorpha, it has been recorded the presence of sperm in the ovaries of some species of Characiformes and Siluriformes, but no fertilized eggs have been found so far in the female reproductive tract. It has been presumed that oocytes can be released into the water with associated spermatozoa and only there becomes fertilized, and the term insemination has been used to characterize the strategy adopted by these fish. Here, we present the discovery of the first case of internal fertilization in the teleost cohort Otomorpha, in Compsura heterura (Characiformes: Characidae). In the course of spawning, the eggs form the perivitelline space and the animal and vegetative poles within the ovaries, evidencing oocyte fertilization. The newly spawned eggs then continue to form the animal and vegetative poles and increase the perivitelline space. These eggs are in the zygotic stage. These data indicate that fertilized eggs are only retained for a short period, providing evidence that C. heterura is a zygoparous fish.(AU)

A maioria dos teleósteos são espécies com fecundação externa, sendo a fecundação interna um evento relativamente raro. Até o momento, Euteleosteomorpha é a única coorte de teleósteos conhecida com espécies de fecundação interna. Na coorte de teleósteos Otomorpha, tem sido registrada a presença de esperma nos ovários de algumas espécies de Characiformes e Siluriformes, porém nenhum ovo fecundado foi encontrado até agora no trato reprodutor feminino. Presume-se que os oócitos possam ser liberados na água associados aos espermatozoides e que somente lá são fecundados, e o termo inseminação tem sido empregado para caracterizar a estratégia adotada por esses peixes. Apresentamos aqui a descoberta do primeiro caso de fecundação interna na coorte de teleósteos Otomorpha, em Compsura heterura (Characiformes: Characidae). Durante a desova, os ovos formam o espaço perivitelino e os polos animal e vegetal dentro dos ovários, evidenciando a fecundação interna. Os ovos recém-desovados continuam a formação dos polos animal e vegetal e aumentam o espaço perivitelino. Esses ovos estão na fase zigótica. Estes dados indicam que os ovos fertilizados são retidos por um curto período, fornecendo evidências de que C. heterura é um peixe zigóparo.(AU)